Turning cutting tools faster has productivity benefits but also introduces new problems in toolholding as the physics of rotating masses become dominant. It’s just not enough to tighten a collet’s drawbar with a box wrench anymore.

　　Today, balance, form factor and multiple modes of vibration are some of the factors that must be considered if an operation needs to take advantage of the maximum performance offered by today’s machines and cutting tools.

　　Critical Tool Attributes for Good Holding

　　Does the cutting tool affect holding ability? More than many machinists and engineers realize. The amount of available shank for gripping is a significant factor. BIG KAISER recommends the following lengths:

　　(Photo courtesy of RobbJack Corp.)

　　It’s important not to forget the other factors.

　　Polished shanks reduce friction, as does the cleanliness of both the shank and toolholder. Oil and coolants reduce gripping power. Cutter shank roundness is often assumed to be close enough to perfect to ignore, but in reality a 25 millionths tolerance is necessary for high-speed performance.

　　Similarly, ISO h6 tolerance of the tool’s shank diameter is important, which for smaller tools can mean 0-6 micron repeatability. Most shops lack the ability to check low micron diameter tolerances, so a good tool supplier is essential here.

　　The Importance of Vibration

　　Vibration is a fact of life in dynamic systems. Whether it’s a tuning fork or an airplane fuselage, with enough energy input, multiple modes of flex will result in unwanted movement of the structure.

　　For tools spun at high speed, the problem gets worse. Centrifugal forces are set up by the imbalance of the rotating toolholder/tool assembly, which is caused by imperfect mass distribution around the spin axis. Even a set screw offset a few millimeters from center can cause a noticeable vibration at high speeds. This centrifugal force (or more accurately, centripetal force) can be expressed by a simple equation:

　　Centripetal force = mv2/r

　　Where m = the offset center of mass from the spin axis

　　v = rotational speed

　　r = radius of the toolholder/tool assembly

　　The math is simplified, but the key takeaway is that the forces trying to gyrate the tool out of concentricity are proportional to the offset mass, proportional to the square of the rotational speed and inversely proportional to the radius of the toolholder.

　　It’s a perfect storm: double the spindle speed and the forces quadruple. Since there’s no practical way to make the toolholder larger in diameter, the key to control is to minimize the offset mass. The easiest way to achieve this without dynamically balancing the assembly is to use intrinsically symmetrical toolholders.

　　Side Lock? Slow Speed Ahead

　　Shrink Fit: More Complex, But Better Performance

　　Shrink fitting tools would seem like the perfect toolholding technology: full contact with strong clamping forces.

　　Shrink fit tools are a good choice for moderate to heavy milling and have good speed capability, but the gripping forces are dependent on the tolerance between the tool shank and the holder inside diameter. Heavy wall holders also have superior gripping forces. Tool breakage is a frequent factor in overall shrink fit tooling costs, since broken tool shanks can’t be removed from the holder.

　　Set up time is necessarily slow with shrink fit systems as holders must be heated and cooled before use. This adds safety considerations due to burn hazards as well as the need to stock a large number of toolholders to maintain productivity.

　　Runout is five times better than side lock clamping and high-speed capability is excellent, but poor vibration damping characteristics means that the full potential of high-speed milling is limited.

　　Collet Chucks: Old Idea, Great for High Speed Machining

　　Most machinists start their training by screwing collet chucks into manual vertical knee mills.

　　Like a mechanical pencil, collet holding is simple, easy to understand and can generate good wedging action for strong clamping. For more sophisticated high-speed milling, however, there’s another advantage to collet-type clamping: symmetry.

　　This natural static balance helps reduce the vibration problem at high speeds, making collet chucks ideal for high feed/speed and finish milling. Compared to shrink fit clamping, tool setup is easy, fast and doesn’t require special fixtures or tools. Especially important is the runout characteristics of collet clamping: twice as good as shrink fit and 10 times better than side locking toolholders.

　　To achieve this, the user frequently tightens the nut aggressively, which can twist the collet:

　　The answer? Ball bearing clamping nuts, which reduce the friction between nut and collet to negligible levels:

　　This minimized collet distortion improves clamping and also has a positive effect on runout:

　　Milling Chucks: All-Around Performance

　　For applications requiring fast tool changes combined with high grip strength, milling chucks are a good solution.

　　Milling chucks operate by cam action of multiple rows of needle bearings to apply consistent clamp forces on a collet.

　　The inclination of the needles is the key to the gripping force of a milling chuck. Like a shallow taper wedge, each element trades off fast action for a strong wedging effect. When combined with multiple elements in a multi-row needle bearing, this gives ample gripping force over a large area of a tool shank.

　　Larger tool diameters allow more needle bearing elements for even greater clamping power. High retention force combined with a simple twist-to-lock operation makes milling chucks ideal for general purpose operations. Runout, however, is reduced compared to collet chucks, but is still better than double the performance of side lock systems.

　　Hydraulic Chucks: Low Runout, Fast Tool Changing

　　Is there a way to combine the quick change capability of side locking systems with the excellent runout and speed of collet clamping?

　　Hydraulic clamping offers both, with the added benefit of a wider clamping range using straight collets.

　　The mechanical advantage of hydraulics offers consistent clamping force with little operator-to-operator variation and without special fixtures or tools. Hydraulics are ideal for finish milling, reaming and drilling operations.

　　Hydraulic clamping combines the best of the other methods with outstanding runout specs and is essential for precise, accurate finish work.

　　So which clamping method is ideal for your application? It depends on the most critical attributes for your operation.

　　For precise work, a low TIR may be important. For multiple setups, quick change capability may be essential for high productivity. Tool retention force may be the weak link in a tough job. This chart shows the relative gripping force for a typical ¾-inch shank cutting tool using each method:

　　But grip force is only one parameter. The following chart shows the overall performance ratio of each method with a standard end mill holder at a baseline of one:

　　And in cost terms,

　　Which is best?

　　Again, it is highly task-specific and no single article can cover the full range of problems and solutions associated with advanced toolholding for high-speed milling.

　　A good toolholder manufacturer has trained personnel and technical expertise that are as important as product price and performance to high throughput shops. They’re a wealth of money saving knowledge and should be consulted for demanding jobs.